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<title>Atrophy</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atrophy</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a>.</span> <span>For the American thrash metal band, see <a href="Atrophy_(band)" title="Atrophy (band)">Atrophy (band)</a>.</span></div>

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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Atrophy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mouse (right) with spinal muscular atrophy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Loss of body cells, signs of <a href="Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Muscular_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular atrophy">Muscular atrophy</a>, gland atrophy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Causes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to target organ(s), excessive <a href="Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> of cells, insufficient exercise, ageing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Old age, sedentary lifestyle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Depends on the cause</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Atrophy</b> is the partial or complete <a href="Wasting" title="Wasting">wasting</a> away of a part of the body. Causes of atrophy include <a href="Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> (which can destroy the gene to build up the organ), <a href="Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">poor nourishment</a>, poor <a href="Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a>, loss of <a href="Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a> support, loss of <a href="Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> supply to the target <a href="Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a>, excessive amount of <a href="Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> of cells, and disuse or lack of <a href="Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a> or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself. In medical practice, hormonal and nerve inputs that maintain an organ or body part are said to have <i>trophic</i> effects. A diminished muscular trophic condition is designated as <i>atrophy</i>. Atrophy is reduction in size of cell, organ or tissue, after attaining its normal mature growth. In contrast, <a href="Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">hypoplasia</a> is the reduction in the cellular numbers of an organ, or tissue that has not attained normal maturity.

</p><p>Atrophy is the general <a href="Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> process of reabsorption and breakdown of <a href="Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissues</a>, involving apoptosis. When it occurs as a result of disease or loss of trophic support because of other diseases, it is termed <i>pathological atrophy</i>, although it can be a part of normal body development and <a href="Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> as well.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Normal_development">Normal development</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks -plasia"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">-plasia and -trophy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anaplasia" title="Anaplasia">Anaplasia</a> (structural differentiation loss within a cell or group of cells).</li>

<li><a href="Aplasia" title="Aplasia">Aplasia</a> (organ or part of organ missing)</li>

<li><a href="Desmoplasia" title="Desmoplasia">Desmoplasia</a> (connective tissue growth)</li>

<li><a href="Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a> (change in cell or tissue <a href="Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a> (proliferation of cells)</li>

<li><a href="Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">Hypoplasia</a> (congenital below-average number of cells, especially when inadequate)</li>

<li><a href="Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> (conversion in cell type)</li>

<li><a href="Neoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasia">Neoplasia</a> (abnormal proliferation)</li>

<li><a href="Prosoplasia" title="Prosoplasia">Prosoplasia</a> (development of new cell function)</li></ul></td>

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<ul><li>Abiotrophy (loss in vitality of organ or tissue)</li>

<li> (reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells)</li>

<li><a href="Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a> (increase in the volume of cells or tissues)</li>

<li><a href="Hypotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotrophy">Hypotrophy</a> (decrease in the volume of cells or tissues)</li>

<li><a href="Dystrophy" title="Dystrophy">Dystrophy</a> (any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition)</li></ul></td>

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<p>Examples of atrophy as part of normal development include shrinking and the involution of the <a href="Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a> in early childhood, and the <a href="Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsils</a> in adolescence. In old age, effects include, but are not limited to, loss of teeth, hair, thinning of skin that creates wrinkles, weakening of muscles, loss of weight in organs and sluggish mental activity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muscle_atrophies">Muscle atrophies</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">Muscle atrophy</a></div>

<p><i>Disuse atrophy</i> of muscles and bones, with loss of mass and strength, can occur after prolonged immobility, such as extended <a href="Bedrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedrest">bedrest</a>, or having a body part in a cast (living in darkness for the eye, bedridden for the legs etc.). This type of atrophy can usually be reversed with exercise unless severe.

</p><p>There are many diseases and conditions which cause atrophy of muscle mass. For example, diseases such as cancer and AIDS induce a body wasting syndrome called <i><a href="Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a></i>, which is notable for the severe muscle atrophy seen. Other syndromes or conditions which can induce <a href="Skeletal_striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal striated muscle">skeletal muscle</a> atrophy are <a href="Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> and liver disease.

</p><p>During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. This condition is called <i><a href="Sarcopenia" title="Sarcopenia">sarcopenia</a></i>, and may be distinct from atrophy in its pathophysiology. While the exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, it may be induced by a combination of a gradual failure in the <a href="Satellite_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite cells">satellite cells</a> which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dystrophies,_myositis,_and_motor_neuron_conditions">Dystrophies, myositis, and motor neuron conditions</h2></div>

<p>Pathologic atrophy of muscles can occur with diseases of the motor nerves or diseases of the muscle tissue itself. Examples of atrophying nerve diseases include <a href="Charcot-Marie-Tooth_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease">Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease</a>, <a href="Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a>, <a href="Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), and <a href="Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a>. Examples of atrophying muscle diseases include <a href="Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="Myotonia_congenita" title="Myotonia congenita">myotonia congenita</a>, and <a href="Myotonic_dystrophy" title="Myotonic dystrophy">myotonic dystrophy</a>.

</p><p>Changes in Na+ channel isoform expression and spontaneous activity in muscle called fibrillation can also result in muscle atrophy.

</p><p>A <a href="Flail_limb" title="Flail limb">flail limb</a> is a medical term which refers to an extremity in which the primary nerve has been severed, resulting in complete lack of mobility and sensation. The muscles soon wither away from atrophy.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gland_atrophy">Gland atrophy</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal glands</a> atrophy during prolonged use of exogenous <a href="Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> like <a href="Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>. Atrophy of the breasts can occur with prolonged <a href="Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> reduction, as with <a href="Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> or <a href="Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>. <a href="Testicular_atrophy" title="Testicular atrophy">Testicular atrophy</a> can occur with prolonged use of enough exogenous <a href="Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">sex steroids</a> (either <a href="Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> or <a href="Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a>) to reduce <a href="Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropin</a> secretion.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaginal_atrophy">Vaginal atrophy</h2></div>

<p>In post-menopausal women, the walls of the vagina become thinner (<a href="Atrophic_vaginitis" title="Atrophic vaginitis">atrophic vaginitis</a>). The mechanism for the age-related condition is not yet clear, though there are theories that the effect is caused by decreases in estrogen levels.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This atrophy, occurring concurrently with <a href="Breast_atrophy" title="Breast atrophy">breast atrophy</a>, is consistent with the homeostatic (normal development) role of atrophy in general, as after menopause the body has no further functional biological need to maintain the reproductive system which it has permanently shut down.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div>

<p>One drug in test seemed to prevent the type of muscle loss that occurs in immobile, bedridden patients.<sup id="cite_ref-ND2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Testing on mice showed that it blocked the activity of a protein present in the muscle that is involved in muscle atrophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FASEBJ2006-Wang_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASEBJ2006-Wang-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the drug's long-term effect on the heart precludes its routine use in humans, and other drugs are being sought.<sup id="cite_ref-ND2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">Olivopontocerebellar atrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Optic_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic atrophy">Optic atrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinomuscular_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinomuscular atrophy">Spinomuscular atrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Deconditioning" title="Deconditioning">Deconditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biological_development_disorders" title="List of biological development disorders">List of biological development disorders</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFW._T._Councilman1913" class="citation book cs1">W. T. Councilman (1913). "Chapter Two". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15283/15283-h/15283-h.htm#toc_5"><i>Disease and Its Causes</i></a>. New York Henry Holt and Company London <a href="Williams_and_Norgate" title="Williams and Norgate">Williams and Norgate</a> The University Press, Cambridge, U.S.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCampellone2007" class="citation web cs1">Campellone, Joseph V. (2007-05-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003188.htm">"Muscle atrophy"</a>. <a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000952/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003188.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928072029/http://medicine.science-tips.org/health/diseases-and-conditions/types-of-atrophy.html">"Types of Atrophy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicine.science-tips.org/health/diseases-and-conditions/types-of-atrophy.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ND2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ND2006_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ND2006_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911010834/http://www2.netdoctor.co.uk/news/index.asp?y=2006&m=5&d=25&id=123026">"Drug could stop muscle wasting'"</a>. NetDoctor.co.uk. 2006-05-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.netdoctor.co.uk/news/index.asp?y=2006&m=5&d=25&id=123026">the original</a> on 2007-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-05-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FASEBJ2006-Wang-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FASEBJ2006-Wang_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWangHockermanGreen_IiiBabbs2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wang X, Hockerman GH, Green Iii HW, Babbs CF, Mohammad SI, Gerrard D, Latour MA, London B, Hannon KM, Pond AL (May 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.05-5350fje">"Merg1a K+ channel induces skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin proteasome pathway"</a>. <i>FASEB J</i>. <b>20</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1531–</span>3. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.05-5350fje">10.1096/fj.05-5350fje</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16723379">16723379</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15763153">15763153</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atrophy"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Atrophy">"Atrophy" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>51.</cite></li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194520" class="extiw external" title="d:Q194520">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001284">D001284</a></li><li><b><a href="SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://browser.ihtsdotools.org/?perspective=full&conceptId1=13331008&languages=en">13331008</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pathology82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles of pathology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a>

<ul><li><a href="Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li>

<li><a href="Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li>

<li><a href="Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt>

<dd><a href="Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt>

<dd><a href="Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt>

<dd><i><a href="Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i>

<dl><dd><a href="Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a href="Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Gross_processing" title="Gross processing">Gross processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">Diagnostic immunology</a></li>

<li><a href="Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Serology" title="Serology">Serology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skin_lesion_terminology49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Skin_lesion_terminology49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Skin_lesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin lesion">Skin lesion</a> terminology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macroscopic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary lesions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Macule" class="mw-redirect" title="Macule">Macule</a></li>

<li><a href="Patch_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch (dermatology)">Patch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>elevated</i>

<ul><li><a href="Papule" title="Papule">Papule</a></li>

<li><a href="Nodule_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodule (dermatology)">Nodule</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaque_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque (dermatology)">Plaque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>fluid</i>

<ul><li><a href="Vesicle_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (dermatology)">Vesicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutaneous_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous conditions">Bulla</a></li>

<li><a href="Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustule</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcer</a></li>

<li><a href="Erosion_(dermatopathology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erosion (dermatopathology)">Erosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">Telangiectasia</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Special initial lesions : <a href="Burrow_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burrow (dermatology)">Burrow</a>

<ul><li>Tunnel</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Comedo" title="Comedo">Comedo</a></li>

<li><a href="Scutulum" title="Scutulum">Scutulum</a></li>

<li><a href="Target_lesion" title="Target lesion">Target lesion</a></li>

<li><a href="Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Herald patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutaneous_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous conditions">Wheal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary lesions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Crust_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crust (dermatology)">Crust</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichenification" title="Lichenification">Lichenification</a></li>

<li><a href="Excoriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Excoriation">Excoriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Induration" class="mw-redirect" title="Induration">Induration</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microscopic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>:</i> <a href="Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">Hyperkeratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Parakeratosis" title="Parakeratosis">Parakeratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyskeratosis" title="Dyskeratosis">Dyskeratosis</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Hypergranulosis" title="Hypergranulosis">Hypergranulosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Acanthosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthosis">Acanthosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Papillomatosis" title="Papillomatosis">Papillomatosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Acantholysis" title="Acantholysis">Acantholysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spongiosis" title="Spongiosis">Spongiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydropic_swell" title="Hydropic swell">Hydropic swelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Exocytosis_(dermatopathology)" title="Exocytosis (dermatopathology)">Exocytosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuolization" title="Vacuolization">Vacuolization</a></li>

<li><a href="Erosion_(dermatopathology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erosion (dermatopathology)">Erosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulceration</a></li>

<li><a href="Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentiginous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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